Main article: Historical method Historical The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge, which takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be fuzzy):
Research can also fall into two distinct types:
Research methods used by scholars include:
Research is often conducted using the hourglass model. The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the methodology of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results.
Exploratory research, which structures and identifies new problems
Constructive research, which develops solutions to a problem
Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence
Primary research Secondary research.
Action research Cartography Case study Classification Experience and
intuition Experiments Interviews Mathematical models Participant observation Simulation Statistical analysis Statistical surveys Content or Textual Analysis Ethnography Research methods Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academic
scholars to
peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience. The 'system', which is probably disorganised enough not to merit the title, varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and
medicine.
Most established
academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many
academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields.
Academic publishing is undergoing major changes, emerging from the transition from the print to the electronic format.
Business models are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is
open access. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and
self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.
Publishing Main article: Research funding Etymology Academic conference Advertising Research Creativity techniques Demonstrative evidence Due Diligence Empirical research European Charter for Researchers Internet research Innovation Lab notebook List of fields of doctoral studies Marketing research Open research Operations research Original research Participatory action research Psychological research methods Research and development Social research
Research processes
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