and have never engaged in anti-intellectualism; however Friends have often cautioned against the admission of education credentials as either a form of honoring humans instead of God or as a substitute for a relationship with God.
For more details on this topic, see Testimony of Integrity. Oaths and fair-dealing a historical term for those Friends born into families that are members of a Friends Meeting. (This term is not always officially recognized by Friends.)
a process undergone to discern the true leading of the Spirit of God, especially in ambiguous or complicated situations. Friends often work with
Clearness committees when struggling with a difficult issue.
the only officer of most meetings (as they have no clergy); the person charged with making and keeping the records of the meeting (including the records of births, marriages, and deaths).
Friends believe that anyone may feel
called by God. Friends consider carrying out a concern to be a form of ministry. Often there may be a
meeting for clearness to test the concern after which the meeting may well support the person in their concern. Many well-known organisations, such as the
American Friends Service Committee,
Don't Make a Wave Committee (the predecessor organisation to
Greenpeace),
Oxfam and
Amnesty International, have been founded by Friends 'acting under concern'.
a historical term for those Friends who were not born into Quaker families, but who came to Friends because of the Truth of Quaker teaching and practice. The process of deciding to become a Friend is known as "convincement."
A meeting for worship, where those present feel that they were particularly in tune with the leadings of the Spirit.
Older meetinghouses often have benches on a raised platform which face the rest of the congregation where Weighty Friends (see below) who might be expected to speak would sit. Historically (and in some meetings still) these would be the recorded ministers and elders.
To recognize concern in one's self for another person or situation. This is often considered to be synonymous with praying for someone.
(British term) during a meeting for worship for business, when the
clerk asks those present if they agree with a minute, Friends will usually say "I hope so" rather than "yes". It is meant in the sense of "I hope that this is the true guidance of the
Holy Spirit".
the action properly taken upon a committee, meeting or ministry that is no longer needed; "to lay down" a meeting is to disband it.
a course of action, belief or conviction that a Friend feels is divinely inspired.
the act of speaking during a meeting for worship. (Many Friends use the term more broadly to mean living their
testimonies in everyday life). "Vocal" or "proclamational" refer to ministries that are verbal.
A nontheist Friend is one who does not experience or accept belief in a supreme being, the divine or the supernatural, often while engaging in and affirming Silent Meeting, and other Quaker processes and practices.
An unfounded, unspiritual position. (Used by George Fox, often to refer to teachings or doctrines that were expressed but not fully understood or experienced)
to undertake a service or course of action without prior clarity about all the details but with confidence that divine guidance will make these apparent and assure an appropriate outcome.
A person whose vocal ministry (spoken contribution in meeting) — or another spiritual gift — is recognised as helpful and probably faithful to Divine leading, by the body of Friends to which they belong and formally recorded by that body. Not all Friends' organisations record ministers. Other Friends have adopted a defined process prerequisite for "recording."
has to do with proper conduct of a
meeting for business. The term is often used in the negative, that is, if someone senses that something about the conduct of the meeting is not proper, they may object that 'this meeting is not in right ordering'.
Commonly used during meetings for business to express that another Friend has spoken what is in the mind of the speaker; used to help add weight to the statements of others.
the belief in the presence of God within all people. Also referred to as the
Inner Light.
a Friend, respected for their experience and ability over their history of participation with Friends, whose opinion or ministry is especially valued.
Quaker terminology Friends treat all functions of the church as a form of worship, including business, marriage, and memorial services, in addition to regular meeting for worship. The two main forms of Quaker worship are often referred to as "programmed" and "unprogrammed".
While the different styles of worship generally reflect the theological splits, with unprogrammed meetings generally being more theologically liberal and programmed Friends churches more theologically conservative, this is not a strict rule. Many meetings hold both programmed and unprogrammed services or other activities. Some "Conservative" meetings are unprogrammed yet would be generally considered to be theologically closer to most programmed meetings.
Quaker worship Unprogrammed worship is the more traditional style of worship among Friends and remains the norm in Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and parts of the United States and Canada. During an unprogrammed meeting for worship, Friends gather together in "expectant waiting" for divine leadings. Sometimes a meeting is entirely silent, sometimes quite a few people speak. Meeting for Worship generally lasts about an hour.
When they feel they are led by the spirit a participant will rise and share a message (give "vocal ministry") with those gathered. Typically, messages, testimonies, ministry, or other speech are not prepared as a "speech". Speakers are expected to discern the source of their inspiration — whether divine or self. After someone has spoken, it is expected that more than a few moments will pass in silence before further Ministry; there should be no spirit of debate.
Unprogrammed worship is generally deemed to start as soon as the first participant is seated, the others entering the room in silence. The Meeting for Worship ends when one person (usually predetermined) shakes the hand of another participant. All the members of the assembly then shake hands with their neighbors, after which one member usually rises and extends greetings and makes announcements.
Unprogrammed worship Programmed worship resembles a typical Protestant worship service in the United States. This tradition arose among Friends in the United States in the 19th century in response to large numbers of converts to Quakerism during the national spiritual revivalism of the time. Typically there are readings from scripture, hymns, and a sermon from the pastor. A period of silence (similar in practice to that of unprogrammed meetings, though generally shorter) is included in some Programmed Friends worship services. Most Friends in the southern and central United States worship in this way.
The Friends meetings started in Africa and Latin America were generally started by Friends from programmed elements of the society, therefore most African and Latin American Friends worship in a programmed style.
Some Friends also hold what is termed Semi-Programmed Worship, which brings programmed elements like hymns and readings into an otherwise unprogrammed worship service.
Programmed worship Main article: Quaker wedding Quaker weddings Business decisions on a local level are conducted at a monthly "Meeting for Worship with a Concern for Business", or simply "Business Meeting". A business meeting is a form of worship, and all decisions are reached so that they are consistent with the guidance of the Spirit.
Instead of voting, the Meeting attempts to gain a sense of God's will for the community. Each member of the meeting is expected to listen to that of God within themselves and, if led, to contribute it to the group for reflection and consideration. Each member listens to others' contributions carefully, in an attitude of seeking Truth rather than of attempting to prevail or to debate.
A decision is reached when the Meeting, as a whole, feels that the "way forward" has been discerned (also called "coming to unity") or there is a consensus. On some occasions a single Friend will hold up a decision because they feel the meeting is not following God's will; occasionally, some members of the Meeting will "stand aside" on an issue, meaning that these members do not share in the general sense of the meeting but are willing to allow the group to move forward.
Many Quakers describe the search for unity as the gathering of believers who "wait upon the Lord" to discover God's will. When seeking unity, Friends are not attempting to seek a position with which everyone is willing to live (as is often the case in consensual models) but in determining God's will. It is assumed that if everyone is listening to God's Spirit, the way forward will become clear.
The business conducted "in the manner of Friends" can seem time-consuming and impractical. The process can be frustrating and slow, but Friends believe it works well, allowing the group to come to decisions even around the most difficult matters. By the time a decision is recognized, the important issues have been worked out and the group supports the decision; there is no "losing" side.
Many non-Friends express doubts as to whether this process of decision making can work in a large group; although many yearly meetings have successfully employed this practice for generations. Some Quaker-related organizations, such as
Haverford College in Philadelphia, also utilize traditional Quaker form practices of governance.
Decision making among Friends Traditional Quaker memorial services are also held as a form of worship. Friends gather for worship and offer remembrances about the person who has died. Memorial services often last over an hour, particularly if there are a large number of people in attendance. Memorial services give everyone a chance to remember the lost individual in their own way, thus bringing comfort to those present, and re-affirmation of the larger community of Friends.
Memorial services Like many movements, the Religious Society of Friends has evolved, changed, and split into various smaller subgroups.
Basic divisions and organization The highest concentration of Quakers is in Africa. The Friends of East Africa were at one time part of a single East Africa Yearly Meeting, then the largest Yearly Meeting in the world. Today, this region is served by several distinct Yearly Meetings. Most of these are affiliated with the
Friends United Meeting, practice programmed worship, and employ pastors. There are also Friends meetings in Rwanda and Burundi, as well as new work beginning in Morocco. For more information see
Quakers in Kenya.
In Africa Considerable distances between the colonies, and a low immigration of Quakers, meant that the organization of Friends in Australia was quite dependent on London until the twentieth century. The Society has remained unprogrammed and is constituted as the Australia Yearly Meeting, with local organization around seven Regional Meetings: Canberra (which extends into southern New South Wales), New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia (which extends into Northern Territory), Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. There is an annual meeting each January hosted by a different Regional Meeting over a seven year cycle, with a Standing Committee each July or August.
In Australia Friends in Britain have maintained a high level of unity throughout the history of the Society. In very recent years, however, small Quaker Meetings have come into existence which are characterised by a more avowedly Christian faith.
In Great Britain Friends in the United States have diverse practices, though united by many common bonds. Along with the division of worship style (see "
Quaker Worship" above) come several differences of theology, vocabulary and practice.
A local congregation in the unprogrammed tradition is called a
meeting, or a
monthly meeting (e.g.,
Smalltown Meeting or
Smalltown Monthly Meeting). Several local monthly meetings are often part of a regional group called a
quarterly meeting, which is usually part of an even larger group called a
yearly meeting.
In programmed traditions, the local congregations are often referred to as "Friends Churches". Currently, the largest Quaker church in America is Yorba Linda Friends Church, an
evangelical Quaker church located in
Orange County, California.
In the United States Various names have been used for the Friends movement and its adherents. These include:
In the first few years of the movement, Quakers thought of themselves as part of the restoration of the true Christian church after centuries of
apostasy. For this reason, during this period they often referred to themselves as simply the "saints". Other common names in the early days were "Children of the Light" and "Friends of the Truth", reflecting the central importance in early Quaker theology of Christ as an
Inner light that shows you your true condition.
The name "Quaker" was first used in
1650, when
George Fox was brought before Justice Bennet of
Derby on a charge of
blasphemy. According to Fox's journal, Bennet "called us Quakers because we bid them tremble at the word of God." Therefore, what began apparently as a way to make fun of Fox's comment by those outside the Society of Friends became a nickname that even Friends use for themselves.
The name "Religious Society of Friends" came many years later, in the
18th century. This remains the most widely-accepted name to this day, although often "Quakers" is added in parentheses for the sake of clarity. However, there are some Friends who prefer other names: some evangelical Friends' organizations use the term "
Friends Church", and some Friends (usually in unprogrammed meetings) object to the word "religious" and refer to themselves as part of the "Society of Friends". There are some monthly meetings that for this reason do not include "religious" in their name, while most larger
Quaker organizations, such as
yearly meetings, use the full name.
Children of the light
Friends
Friends among friends
Friends of the Truth
Publishers of Truth
Quakers
Quiet Helpers
Religious Society of Friends
Saints
Seekers of Truth
Society of Friends
Names Main article: Quaker history Hicksite-Orthodox split The Orthodox Friends in America were exercised by a transatlantic dispute between
Joseph John Gurney of England and
John Wilbur of Rhode Island. Gurney emphasized scriptural authority and favored working closely with other Christian groups. Wilbur, in response, defended the authority of the Holy Spirit, as primary and worked to prevent what he saw as the dilution of Friends tradition of Spirit-led ministry. Wilbur was expelled from his yearly meeting in a questionable proceeding in
1842. Over the next several decades, a number of Wilburite-Gurneyite separations occurred. The Wilburite tradition is carried on today to varying degrees by the
conservative yearly meetings of Ohio, Iowa, and North Carolina; Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative) is generally considered the most traditional in this regard, retaining more rural Quakers who use the plain language and continue wearing plain dress more than the other two.
Gurneyite-Wilburite split Joel Bean was an Orthodox Friend who opposed the extreme evangelicalism that was creeping into his branch of Quakerism. He formed a new branch of Quakerism in the western part of the United States when his membership was terminated and his meeting was laid down by Iowa Yearly Meeting.
The "Beanite", or independent, Quakers resemble an amalgam of Hicksite and Wilburite Quakerism. During the
1980s some of them adopted the label "Christ-Centered Universalism".
Beanites Quaker
testimonies are an expression of "spirituality in action"
Some Friends also include other testimonies, such as Unity, Community, Compassion, Justice, Truth, Stewardship and Sustainability; the environment is regarded by some as an "emerging testimony" in the UK. Children and Friends school students are often taught the acronym SPICE, which stands for Simplicity, Peace, Integrity, Community, and Equality.
Peace
Equality
Integrity
Simplicity
Testimonies Main article: Peace Testimony Peace Main article: Testimony of Equality Equality Main article: Testimony of Integrity Integrity Main article: Testimony of Simplicity Simplicity Throughout their history, Quakers have founded organizations for many causes they felt are in keeping with their faith. There are many schools around the world founded by Friends (
see List of Friends Schools). Several organizations centered on education have continued amongst Friends, including Friends Council on Education (FCE) an organization supporting Friends schools (typically primary through secondary, often boarding) and Friends Association for Higher Education (FAHE) which supports Friends post-secondary institutions and those who resonate with Friends' teaching and traditions who serve in higher education.
There are various organizations associated with Friends including: a US lobbying organization based in
Washington, DC called the
Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL); several service organizations like the
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), the Quaker United Nations Offices,
Quaker Peace and Social Witness,
Friends Committee on Scouting and the
Alternatives to Violence Project.
Additionally Friends have founded organizations to help maintain order and communication within the society. Some
yearly meetings belong to larger organizations, the three chief ones being
Friends General Conference (FGC),
Friends United Meeting (FUM), and
Evangelical Friends International (EFI) (in all three groups, most member organizations are from the United States). FGC is theologically the most liberal of the three groups, while EFI is the most conservative. FUM is the largest of the three. Some monthly meetings belong to more than one of these larger organizations, while others are independent, not joining any.
Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC) is the international Quaker organization which loosely unifies the diverse groups of Friends; FWCC brings together the largest variety of Friends in the world.
Quaker organizations Category:Quaker organizations American Friends Service Committee Conservative Friends Friends Committee on National Legislation Friends World Committee for Consultation A Quaker Action Group Quakers in Europe Quakers in Kenya Quakers in Latin America World Gathering of Young Friends Alternatives to Violence Project Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade Movement for a New Society Peace churches Renovaré Shakers List of Friends Schools List of Quakers List of Quaker businesses List of pacifist faiths Abolition of slavery Friends' Ambulance Unit Friends meeting house Interconnectedness Nontheist Friends Nonviolence Pendle Hill Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Quaker Bible Quaker tapestry Quaker views of homosexuality Quaker views of women 
See also Further reading De Angeli, Marguerite
Thee, Hannah! ISBN 0-83619-106-4 Turkle, Brinton
- The Adventures of Obadiah ISBN 0-67010-614-3
Obadiah the Bold ISBN 1-89310-319-6
Rachel and Obadiah ISBN 1-89310-318-8
Thy Friend, Obadiah ISBN 0-14050-393-5 Information on Quakers and Quakerism
Quakerbooks: Friends General Conference bookstore
Barclay Press (Evangelical Friends)
Pendle Hill Press and Bookstore
Quaker Electronic Archive
Quaker Heritage Press Online Texts
Jonathan Charles Turteltaub (born
8 August 1963) is an
American film director and
producer. He is a graduate of
Wesleyan University and the
USC School of Cinematic Arts. On July 6, 2006, he married Amy Eldon, sister of photojournalist
Dan Eldon.
He has directed several successful mainstream movies including
1993's Cool Runnings,
While You Were Sleeping (
1995),
Phenomenon (
1996),
Instinct,
The Kid (
2000) and
2004's National Treasure. Turteltaub is also slated to direct
National Treasure: Book of Secrets for a
2007 release.
Turteltaub also directed the first two episodes of the
CBS television series,
Jericho - "
Pilot" and "
Fallout".
During
World War II,
Operation Carpetbagger was a general term used for the aerial resupply of weapons and other
matériel to
resistance fighters in France, Italy and the Low Countries by the
U.S. Army Air Forces that began on
4 January 1944.
Operations In the modern world, the Group has been generally recognized as the ancestor of today's
Air Force Special Operations.
The
Sperm Whale (
Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of all
toothed whales and is the largest toothed animal alive, measuring up to 18
metres (60
ft) long. The whale was named after the milky-white waxy substance,
spermaceti, found in its head and originally mistaken for
sperm. The Sperm Whale's enormous head and distinctive shape, as well as its central role in
Herman Melville's
Moby-Dick, have led many to describe it as the
archetypal whale. Partly because of Melville, the Sperm Whale is commonly associated with the
Leviathan of the Bible.
Historically the Sperm Whale has also been known as the
Common Cachalot. The word
cachalot is originally
Portuguese (
cachalote), probably coming from
cachola, a colloquial term for
head. Sperm Whales were hunted until recently in the
Portuguese Atlantic archipelago of the
Azores. The Sperm Whale is also the
state animal of
Connecticut.
Description Main article: Spermaceti Spermaceti Whales breathe air at the surface of the water through a single, s-shaped blowhole. The blowhole is located on the left side of the front of its huge head. They spout (breathe) 3–5 times per minute at rest, but the rate increases to 6–7 times per minute after a dive. The blow is a noisy, single stream that rises up to 15 m (50 ft) above the surface of the water and points forward and to the left of the whale at a 45° angle.
Spouting, and breathing Ecology, behaviour and life history Sperm Whales, along with
bottlenose whales and
elephant seals, are the deepest-diving mammals in the world.
They are believed to be able to dive up to 3 km (1.9 miles) in depth and 90 minutes in duration to the ocean floor. More typical dives are around 400 m (437 yards) in depth and 30–45 minutes' duration and generally moves in a northerly direction. According to Animal Planet's "
The Most Extreme" (Episode:Natural Athletes), sperm whales are ranked the second as athletes. They can dive two miles deep with one gulp of air for two hours. They carry three tonnes of blood which holds enough oxygen to help it achieve its diving depth. That is twenty times deeper than any human can go, according to the show.
They feed on several species, in particular
giant squid,
octopuses and diverse fish like
demersal rays, but the main part of their diet consists of medium sized
squid. Almost all that is known about deep sea squid has been learned from specimens found in captured Sperm Whale stomachs.
Stories about titanic battles between Sperm Whales and giant squid which are believed to reach up to 13 m (44 ft) are perhaps the stuff of legend, given alone the fact that even some of the largest
giant squid weigh only about 300 kg (660 lb), in contrast to several tons of even the youngest hunting sperm whale. Recently, an immature 495kg Giant Squid was caught by New Zealand fishermen in the Ross Sea. However, white scars on the bodies of Sperm Whales are believed to be caused by squid. The giant squid are considered to be the sperm whales prime diet, as large deep sea fish stocks are becoming depleted by humans. Stealing of Sablefish and Toothfish from long lines has been documented and well known also. It is believed that this trait is learned and passed on to other whales within the pod or offspring.
It is hypothesised that the sharp beak of a consumed squid lodged in the whale's intestine leads to the production of
ambergris, analogous to the production of
pearls. The irritation of the intestines caused by the beaks stimulates the secretion of this lubricant-like substance. Sperm Whales are prodigious feeders and eat around 3% of their
body weight per day. The total annual consumption of prey by Sperm Whales worldwide is estimated to be about 100 million tons — a figure greater than the total consumption of marine animals by humans each year.
The social structure of the Sperm Whales species divides on sexual lines. Females are extremely social animals, a trait believed to derive from their relatively simple evolutionary path. Females stay in groups of about a dozen individuals and their young. Males leave these "nursery schools" at somewhere between 4 and 21 years of age and join a "bachelor school" with other males of a similar age and size. As males grow older, they tend to disperse into smaller groups, and the oldest males typically live solitary lives. Yet mature males have been stranded on beaches together, suggesting a degree of co-operation not yet fully understood.
The Sperm Whale is among the most
cosmopolitan species in the world, and is found in all the oceans and the
Mediterranean Sea. The species is relatively abundant from Arctic waters to the equator. Populations are more dense close to
continental shelves and canyons, probably because of easier feeding. Sperm Whales are usually found in deep off-shore waters, but may be seen closer to shore in areas where the continental shelf is small.
Feeding, behaviour and diving The Sperm Whale is one of the many species originally described by
Linnaeus in 1758 in his 18th century work,
Systema Naturae; he recognised four species in the
Physeter genus.
Taxonomy and naming Conservation See also: Whaling The total number of Sperm Whales throughout the world is unknown. Crude estimates, obtained by surveying small areas and extrapolating the result to all the world's oceans, range from 200,000 to 2,000,000 individuals. Although the Sperm Whale was hunted for several centuries for its meat, oil and spermaceti, the conservational outlook for Sperm Whales is brighter than that for many other whales. Although a small-scale coastal fishery still occurs in Indonesia, they are protected practically worldwide. Fishermen do not catch the deep-sea creatures that Sperm Whales eat, and the deep sea is likely to be more resistant to pollution than surface layers.
However, the recovery from the whaling years is a slow process, particularly in the
South Pacific, where the toll on males of a breeding age was severe.
Population and hunting See also: Whale watching Sperm Whales are not the easiest of whales to
watch, due to their long dive times and ability to travel long distances underwater. However, due to the distinctive look and large size of the whale, watching is increasingly popular. Sperm Whale watchers often use
hydrophones to listen to the clicks of the whales and locate them before they surface. Popular locations for Sperm Whale watching include the picturesque
Kaikoura on
New Zealand's
South Island, where the continental shelf is so narrow that whales can be observed from the shore,
Andenes and
Tromsø in Arctic
Norway and at the
Azores where it can be seen throughout the year as opposed to other whales that are only seen during migration.
Dominica is believed to be the only Caribbean island with a year-round residential pod of females and calves.
Watching Sperm Whales In July 2003 a huge blob of white flesh was found washed up on a beach on the coast of southern
Chile. The 12-metre (40 ft) long mass of gelatinous tissue
In the news Main article: Exploding whales Exploding whales In March 2007, a Japanese fisherman drowned after his boat was capsized by a panicked Sperm Whale he was trying to rescue. The whale had wandered into the relatively shallow waters in a bay in
Shikoku.
Hone Wiremu Heke Pokai (
1810? -
August 6,
1850) was a
Māori chief and war leader in
New Zealand. He is considered the principal instigator of the
Flagstaff War.
Born at Pakaraka south of
Kerikeri in the
Bay of Islands, Heke was a member of the
Ngā Puhi tribe but also had connections to Rāhiri which added to his
mana and gave him significant influence within the tribe. He grew up in the
Kaikohe area, scarcely surviving the vicissitudes of tribal warfare. As a youth, he attended the mission school at Kerikeri and came under the influence of the missionary,
Henry Williams. Subsequently he, his wife and children were converted to
Christianity and Hone became a lay preacher.
However, it was as a warrior that Hone Heke established his reputation. He took part in the first battle of
Kororareka in
1830, in Titore's expedition to Tauranga, and fought with Titore against Pomare II in
1837.
There are conflicting reports of when Heke signed the
Treaty of Waitangi. It may have been with the other chiefs on
February 6,
1840.
Heke's doubts about signing the treaty were well grounded. The capital of the new colony was shifted from Kororareka to
Auckland with the corresponding loss of revenue for the Bay of Islands. The imposition of customs duties, the banning of the felling of
kauri trees and
government control of the sale of land all contributed to an economic depression for the Māori. Furthermore it became clear that the
British considered the authority of the chiefs to be subservient to that of the
The Crown although the treaty promised equal partnership.
As a signal of his discontent, Hone Heke chopped down the flagpole carrying the British flag that flew over Kororareka. The British interpreted this as an act of rebellion and soon the two peoples were at war. In the time space of 6 months Hone Heke actually chopped the flagpole down three times. To prevent this from happening yet again, the Crown ordered in a battalion of British soldiers to defend it. Heke created a diversion with the help of Kawiti and, whilst the soldiers were fighting on the beach, Heke and a few others crept towards the flagpole and cut it down for the fourth time. This was the beginning of the Flagstaff War.
Heke took an active part in the early phases of the conflict, but he was severely wounded during the Battle of Te Ahu Ahu and did not rejoin the fighting until the closing phase of the Siege of
Ruapekapeka some months later. Shortly afterwards, Heke and his ally,
Kawiti met with their principal Māori opponent,
Tāmati Wāka Nene and negotiated a ceasefire, which they then imposed upon the British. This did not prevent the
governor,
George Grey from presenting it as a British victory. Despite this, Heke and George Grey were reconciled at a meeting in
1848.
Hone Heke retired to Kaikohe where he died of tuberculosis two years later. He is still regarded as a great leader by the Ngā Puhi and many of the Māori people. To this day, his burial place remains a secret known only to a few people although this is subject to considerable speculation.
Pākehā Māori Frederick Edward Maning wrote a near contemporaneous account of Hone Heke in
A history of the war in the north of New Zealand against the chief Heke, although it was written primarily with an aim to entertain rather than with an eye to historical accuracy.
ifc as a brand
High-availability (HA) clusters
In