Political parties in Italy Elections in Italy
The Italian Communist Party (Italian: Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI) emerged as the Communist Party of Italy (Partito Comunista d'Italia) by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) at their congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party reformed in Italy after the World War II and became the strongest force among the Italian left-wing parties, attracting the support of about a third of the voters during the 1970s. At the time, it was the biggest communist party in the West.
In 1991 the PCI disbanded to form the Democratic Party of the Left (Partito Democratico della Sinistra or PDS), with membership in the Socialist International. More radical members of the party, led by Armando Cossutta, left the party to form the Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, or PRC). In 1998 the PDS, with several smaller parties, (the Liberal Socialists or Laburisti, the Christian Socialists or Cristiano Sociali, the United Communists or Comunisti Unitari (right-wing split of the PRC), the Left Republicans or Sinistra Repubblicana, and the Social Democratic Trade Unionists or Riformatori per l'Europa), co-founded the Democrats of the Left party ("Democratici di Sinistra", or DS). Later in the same year the a faction led by Armando Cossutta left the PRC to form the Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani, or PdCI).

History

Secretaries of Italian Communist Parties

Concord is the largest city in Contra Costa County, California, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 121,780. It is considered one of the major suburbs of San Francisco Bay Area. Until 1995 the city was the eastern terminus of the Concord line of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) commuter train system; the line has since been extended eastward to Pittsburg/Bay Point.

Geography
The valleys north of Mount Diablo were inhabited by the Miwok people, who hunted elk and fished in the numerous streams flowing from the mountain into the San Francisco Bay. In 1772 Spanish explorers began to cross the area, but did not settle here. In 1834 the land surrounding Mount Diablo was granted to Don Salvio Pacheco (for whom the nearby town of Pacheco is named).
Concord was founded under the name of Todos Santos (a name still borne by the central city plaza and park between Willow Pass Road and Salvio Street), on the initiative of Pacheco in 1869. It achieved prominence in the 19th century as a result of most residents of Pacheco relocating to Concord to avoid the devastation of fire and flood which crippled Pacheco's formerly booming economy. Concord was incorporated on February 5, 1905.
The area around Concord in the surrounding Ygnacio and Clayton Valleys was a large agricultural area. Crops that were grown included grapes, walnuts, wheat, hay, and even tomatoes. The area to the east (site of the Concord Naval Weapons Station) was the site of a few enormous wheat ranches (5000+ acres), and was almost a sea of wheat all the way to the marshes bordering Suisun Bay. During Prohibition, many vineyards were removed and replaced with walnut orchards. The town of Cowell, now incorporated into Concord, produced cement.

History

Main article: Port Chicago disaster Port Chicago disaster
On the evening of December 23, 1985, two days before Christmas, a twin-engine Beechcraft Baron, executing a missed instrument approach procedure from an approach to runway 19R of Buchanan Airport, lost control and crashed into the roof of nearby Sunvalley Mall, killing the pilot and two passengers and seriously injuring 84 Christmas shoppers in the crowded mall below, mainly by spraying them with burning fuel. Four of the victims on the ground later died from their injuries. The accident brought increased local opposition to the airport, and caused Pacific Southwest Airlines to cancel scheduled passenger service that had been planned for the new year.

Sunvalley Mall plane crash
As of the census

Demographics

Economy
Concord has been primarily a bedroom community for San Francisco and Oakland over the last forty years, but during the last decades, jobs within the city have increased. Corporations with strong Bay Area regional ties, such as Chevron and Bank of America, have established extensive back-office operations there, diversifying the local economy.

Recent
To the north of the city of Concord is the U.S. Naval Weapons Station which was established in 1942. The station functioned as a World War II armament storage depot supplying ships at Port Chicago. The Concord NWS supported war efforts through the end of the Gulf War, processing and shipping out thousands of tons of ammunition to the Middle East.

Naval Weapons Station
The Concord NWS was listed as a Superfund cleanup site on December 16, 1994. 32 areas of the facility were identified as having been contaminated with heavy metals including zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, and arsenic, as well as semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) and organochloride pesticides. An area of great concern is the risk to the endagered the Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse and the California Clapper Rail. Remediation is underway at the site with some sites having soil removed and others being capped to prevent spread of conatminants.

Superfund cleanup sites
Until 1995 the city was the eastern terminus of the Concord line of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) commuter train system; the line has since been extended eastward to Pittsburg/Bay Point. The County Connection provides limited public transportation in the city and to other points in the county. Buses run from the North Concord BART station to Martinez, the county seat.
Buchanan Field Airport is a private airfield in the City of Concord.

Transportation
Concord is served by the Mount Diablo Unified School District. Concord's Mount Diablo High School is home to several acclaimed California academies, specifically the Digital Safari, a three-year program involving the integration of multimedia with the core curriculum through integrated, project-based learning. The headquarters of the Kabul Soccer Club is located in Concord.
Concord's De La Salle High School is home for the record winning streak of 151 games set by the football team between 1992 and 2004. During that span, De La Salle won 12 California North Coast sectional championships, and was named national champion five different times (once by ESPN, four times by USA Today).
California State University, East Bay campus in Concord.

Education
Concord is the home of the annual Concord Jazz Festival and was the home of the Concord Records jazz record label until it was bought in 1999.
Jazz musician Dave Brubeck was born in Concord, as was actor Tom Hanks, Olympic gold-medalist Natalie Coughlin and mixed martial artist Gil Castillo. Actor/Comedian Carlos Alazraqui attended Concord High School. Concord is the original home of the counter-cultural icons Negativland.
Concord is also home to the 12-time World Champion Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps. The corps is made up of talented musicians from around the world. The Concord Blue Devils are the most decorated drum and bugle corps in the history of Drum Corps International.
Public Access Television is operated through TelVue Virtual Television Networks.

Points of interest

Six Flags Waterworld Concord
Pixie Playland
Concord Skatepark
Willow Pass Community Park
Newhall Community Park
Lime Ridge Open Space
Matteo's Dream - a playground for children of all abilities Parks

Tom Hanks Actor
Dave Brubeck Jazz musician
Natalie Coughlin Olympic gold-medalist Sister City

A surrogate key in a database is a unique identifier for either an entity in the modeled world or an object in the database. The surrogate key is not derived from application data.

History
There appear to be two definitions of a surrogate in the literature. We shall call these surrogate (1) and surrogate (2):
Surrogate (1) This definition is based on that given by Hall, Owlett and Todd (1976). Here a surrogate represents an entity in the outside world. The surrogate is internally generated by the system but is nevertheless visible by the user or application.
Surrogate (2) This definition is based on that given by Wieringa and de Jung (1991). Here a surrogate represents an object in the database itself. The surrogate is internally generated by the system and is invisible to the user or application.
We shall adopt the surrogate (1) definition throughout this article largely because it is more data model rather than storage model oriented. See Date (1998).
An important distinction exists between a surrogate and a primary key, depending on whether the database is a current database or a temporal database. A current database stores only currently valid data, therefore there is a one-to-one correspondence between a surrogate in the modelled world and the primary key of some object in the database; in this case the surrogate may be used as a primary key, resulting in the term surrogate key. However, in a temporal database there is a many-to-one relationship between primary keys and the surrogate. Since there may be several objects in the database corresponding to a single surrogate, we cannot use the surrogate as a primary key; another attribute is required, in addition to the surrogate, to uniquely identify each object.
Although Hall et alia (1976) say nothing about this, other authors have argued that a surrogate should have the following constraints:

the value is unique system-wide, hence never reused
the value is system generated
the value is not manipulable by the user or application
the value contains no semantic meaning
the value is not visible to the user or application
the value is not composed of several values from different domains. Definition
In a current database, the surrogate key is the primary key, generated by the database management system and not derived from any application data in the database. The only significance of the surrogate key is to act as the primary key.
A surrogate key is frequently a sequential number (e.g. a Sybase or SQL Server "identity column" or an Oracle SEQUENCE or a column defined with AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL) but doesn't have to be. Having the key independent of all other columns insulates the database relationships from changes in data values or database design (making your database more agile) and guarantees uniqueness.
In a temporal database, it is necessary to distinguish between the surrogate key and the primary key. Typically, every row would have both a primary key and a surrogate key. The primary key identifies the unique row in the database, the surrogate key identifies the unique entity in the modelled world; these two keys are not the same. For example, table Staff may contain two rows for "John Smith", one row when he was employed between 1990 and 1999, another row when he was employed between 2001 and 2006. The surrogate key is identical (non-unique) in both rows however the primary key will be unique.
Some database designers use surrogate keys religiously regardless of the suitability of other candidate keys, while others will use a key already present in the data, if there is one.
A surrogate may also be called a:
Some of these terms describe the way of generating new surrogate values rather than the nature of the surrogate concept.
Here are some possible candidates for generating surrogates:

surrogate key
entity identifier
system-generated key
database sequence number
synthetic key
technical key
arbitrary unique identifier
Universally Unique Identifiers (UUIDs)
Globally Unique Identifiers (GUIDs)
Object Identifiers (OIDs)
Sybase or SQL Server identity column
Oracle SEQUENCE
PostgreSQL serial
MySQL AUTO_INCREMENT Disadvantages of Surrogate Keys

Natural key
Object identifier

Erasure is an English synth pop duo band consisting of keyboardist Vince Clarke and singer Andy Bell.
Erasure entered the music scene in 1985 with their debut single "Who Needs Love (Like That)" (see 1985 in music). They established themselves on the British charts and became one of the most successful artists of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
From 1986 to 1997, Erasure achieved twenty-four consecutive Top 20 hits. By 2007, 34 of their 40 singles have made the UK Top 40, with 17 climbing into the Top 10. The duo has recorded worldwide album sales of over 25 million.
From the start, Erasure's success was founded upon their songwriting skills. Vince Clarke's talent for writing melodic and catchy pop songs was evident from his years with Depeche Mode and Yazoo. As a lyricist and melodist, the singer Andy Bell added depth and character to Clarke's electronic style.
Albums such as The Circus, The Innocents, Wild!, Chorus, I Say I Say I Say, Erasure, Loveboat and Nightbird demonstrated a further diversity of sound.
As pop craftsmen, the pair's work bears comparison with that of Depeche Mode, Pet Shop Boys, Eurythmics, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), a-ha, Roxette, Tears for Fears, The Lightning Seeds, and other pop songwriters from the same generation.
Andy Bell is openly gay, and he has often reflected this throught his outfits and gesture on stage, at a time when Western society as a whole was less accepting of homosexuality than it is today — making Erasure's success all the more notable.

History
During the summer of 2007 Erasure was a part of the multi-artist True Colors Tour , which traveled through 15 cities in the United States and Canada. The tour, sponsored by the Logo channel, began on June 8, 2007. Hosted by comedian Margaret Cho and headlined by Cyndi Lauper, the tour also included Debbie Harry, The Gossip, Rufus Wainwright, The Dresden Dolls, The MisShapes, Rosie O'Donnell, Indigo Girls, The Cliks and other special guests. Profits from the tour helped to benefit the Human Rights Campaign as well as PFLAG and The Matthew Shepard Foundation.
Erasure notably performed alongside many of the other guests for the encore song, "True Colors" with lead singer Bell taking on almost duet-level vocals with Lauper, as the others performed mainly back-up and harmonies.
Bell frequently wore shirts or jackets that supported co-headliner Deborah Harry.

True Colors

Main articles: Erasure discography and List of Erasure B-sides and non-album songs

President is not expected to fill Rove position

CRAWFORD — The departure of longtime friend and political strategist Karl Rove leaves President Bush without a crucial bridge to conservative forces as he confronts his final 16 months in office with a restive Congress and his place in history still to be written.

Rove, the White House deputy chief of staff and senior adviser to the president, surprised many in Washington on Monday with the announcement that he will leave the White House at the end of August.

One of Rove's many key backstage roles has been the courting, nursing and mollifying of conservative voter blocs and right-wing leaders on social issues such as stem cell research and gay marriage — as well as defining White House actions such as U.S. Supreme Court nominations.

Bush is not expected to fill Rove's position. Instead, his duties are likely to be shifted to two other deputy chiefs of staff, Joel Kaplan and Joe Hagin, along with Chief of Staff Josh Bolten and counselor Ed Gillespie.